Sentence adverbs and modalisation
heureusement, apparemment, sans doute: the speaker’s stance.
⚡Key points
What a sentence adverb is
Unlike an ordinary adverb (which characterises the verb), a sentence adverb (adverbe de phrase) expresses the speaker’s attitude to the whole utterance: their evaluation, their degree of certainty. It often stands at the front, set off by a comma.
Types of modaliser
Evaluation of a fact
Heureusement, personne n’a été blessé. (Luckily…)
Malheureusement, c’est trop tard.
Certainty
Évidemment, il a raison. (Obviously…)
En effet, les chiffres le prouvent.
Probability / doubt
Apparemment, il est parti. (Apparently…)
Il viendra probablement.
Inversion after some adverbs
Some adverbs placed at the front of a sentence trigger inversion of subject and verb in written/formal style: sans doute, peut-être, ainsi, aussi (meaning “therefore”), à peine, du moins, encore.
Adverb → inversion
| sans doute | Sans doute a-t-il raison. | probably (inversion) |
| peut-être | Peut-être viendra-t-elle. | maybe (inversion) |
| ainsi | Ainsi parla le maître. | thus (formal) |
| aussi (= therefore) | Il pleuvait ; aussi suis-je resté. | therefore (inversion) |
| à peine | À peine fut-il entré qu’on l’appela. | hardly (inversion) |
💡⚠️ Without inversion the meaning shifts
Dialogue: commenting on the news
Iris: Apparently the project is approved. | Sami: Luckily! We worked hard. | Iris: Obviously, there are details left to settle. | Sami: No doubt a final meeting will be needed.