Emphasis and focalisation devices
Fronting, pronoun echo, presentatives, exclamation.
⚡Key points
Fronting and pronoun echo
Beyond the c’est… qui/que cleft (B2), emphasis is achieved by fronting an element, often with inversion: Grande fut sa surprise. Another device is the pronoun echo: the fronted element is doubled (en, y, le): Des erreurs, il en a fait.
Devices
Fronting (+ inversion)
Telle était sa volonté. (Such was his will.)
Echo with en / y / le
Du courage, il en faut. (Courage — that takes some.)
Anticipation
Je le savais, qu’il viendrait. (I knew he’d come.)
Presentatives and exclamation
Presentatives highlight an element: voilà… qui, il y a… qui, c’est… que. Exclamative structures heighten emotion: Quel + noun (Quel courage !), Comme / Que / Ce que / Qu’est-ce que + clause (Comme c’est beau ! Ce qu’il est drôle !).
Highlighting structures
| Fronting | Grande fut sa joie. | fronting + inversion |
| Echo (en) | Des amis, j’en ai. | doubling |
| Presentative | Voilà ce qui compte. | voilà… qui/que |
| Quel + noun | Quelle surprise ! | exclamation |
| Ce que / Comme | Ce qu’il fait chaud ! | heightened emotion |
💡⚠️ Emphasis ≠ the norm; a matter of register
Dialogue: admiring the view
Théo: What a magnificent view! | Lila: How nice it is here! Calm — you need that. | Théo: That’s what I’d been looking for. | Lila: Such is the reward after the climb.