Asking Questions: Кто? Что? Где?
Essential interrogative words and Russian question structure
⚡Key points
Essential interrogative words
Russian has a specific question word for each type of information. Unlike English, no auxiliary "do" is needed — the question word goes at the start of the sentence and the word order barely changes.
Main interrogative words
| Who? (person) | Кто ? | Кто э́то ? — Who is it? |
| What? (thing) | Что ? | Что э́то ? — What is this? |
| Where? (location) | Где ? | Где ты ? — Where are you? |
| Where? (direction) | Куда́ ? | Куда́ ты идёшь ? — Where are you going? |
| How? | Как ? | Как дела ? — How are things? |
| Why? | Почему́ ? | Почему́ ты пла́чешь ? — Why are you crying? |
| When? | Когда́ ? | Когда́ ты прие́дешь ? — When will you come? |
| How much / many? | Ско́лько ? | Ско́лько стоит ? — How much does it cost? |
КТО vs ЧТО: animate vs inanimate
КТО — for people and animals
Кто э́то ? (Who is this? — for a person)
Кто там ? (Who is there?)
Кто говори́т по-русски ? (Who speaks Russian?)
ЧТО — for objects, ideas, concepts
Что э́то ? (What is this?)
Что ты де́лаешь ? (What are you doing?)
Что зна́чит э́то сло́во ? (What does this word mean?)
Dialogue: identifying things
Child: What is this? — Mom: It is a book. And who is on the picture? — Child: It is a girl! — Mom: Correct. What is she doing? — Child: She is reading.
ГДЕ vs Куда́: location vs direction
Russian distinguishes two location questions: ГДЕ ? asks where something is located (location → prepositional case), Куда́ ? asks where something is going (direction → accusative case). One of the most useful distinctions to master early.
ГДЕ / Куда́ — typical examples
| ГДЕ + location | Где ты ? | Я дома. (I am at home — locative) |
| Куда́ + direction | Куда́ ты идёшь ? | Я иду́ домо́й. (I am going home — direction) |
| ГДЕ + city (prep.) | Где он живёт ? | Он живёт в Москве́. |
| Куда́ + city (acc.) | Куда́ он е́дет ? | Он е́дет в Москву́. |
💡📌 Three distinct cases for location
Yes/no questions: just intonation
For yes/no questions, no subject-verb inversion, no question word. The structure is identical to the affirmative — only a rising tone at the end signals the question. In writing, the question mark is enough.
Yes/no question
Affirmative sentence + rising tone
Ты понима́ешь ? (Do you understand?)
Он говори́т по-русски ? (Does he speak Russian?)
Э́то твоя́ кни́га ? (Is this your book?)
Comparison with the affirmative
Ты студе́нт. (You are a student.) → Ты студе́нт ? (Are you a student?)
Она́ дома. (She is home.) → Она́ дома ? (Is she home?)
Dialogue: asking and answering
Sergey: Do you speak English? — Anya: Yes, a little. And you? — Sergey: No, I do not. Where did you learn English? — Anya: At school and at university. Where are you going now? — Sergey: I am going to work.