The verbal adverb (деепричастие)
Expressing a secondary action done by the same subject: читая (while reading), прочита́в (having read).
⚡Key points
What is a verbal adverb?
A деепричастие (verbal adverb / gerund) is a verb form that behaves like an adverb: it expresses a secondary action accompanying the main action, done by the same subject. Читая кни́гу, он улыба́лся = while reading a book, he was smiling (he both reads and smiles). It is invariable.
It exists in two aspects: the imperfective (НСВ) expresses a simultaneous action; the perfective (СВ) a prior action, finished before the main action.
The imperfective form (-я): simultaneous action
Take the present stem (the они́ form) and add -я (or -а after ж, ч, ш, щ): чита-ют → читая. It translates the English “while doing / by doing”.
Imperfective verbal adverb
| чита́ть — они́ чита-ют | читая | while reading |
| говори́ть — они́ говор-ят | говоря | while speaking |
| идти — они́ ид-ут | идя | while going / walking |
| спешить — они́ спеш-ат | спеша | while hurrying (-а after ш) |
| улыбаться — они́ улыба-ются | улыбаясь | while smiling (-ся → -ясь) |
The perfective form (-в): prior action
Take the past stem (the он -л form) and add -в: прочита-л → прочитав. Verbs in -ся take -вшись (верну́вшись). It translates “having done / after doing”.
Perfective verbal adverb
| прочитать — он прочита-л | прочита́в | having read |
| сказать — он сказа-л | сказа́в | having said |
| вернуться — он верну́-лся | верну́вшись | having returned (-ся → -вшись) |
| прийти — он пришёл | придя́ | having arrived (prefixed motion → -я) |
| принести — он принёс | принеся́ | having brought |
💡⚠️ Same subject for both actions
When to use each aspect
НСВ (-я): simultaneous action
Он шёл по у́лице, разговаривая по телефо́ну. (He was walking down the street while talking on the phone.)
СВ (-в): prior action
Зако́нчив рабо́ту, я пошёл домо́й. (Having finished the work, I went home.)
The phrase is always set off by commas
Улыбаясь, она́ вошла́ в ко́мнату. (Smiling, she entered the room.)
💡⚠️ Invariable; -ся; prefixed motion in -я
Dialogue: a busy day
Sonia: How do you manage to do everything? — Roma: While having breakfast, I listen to the news. And while going to work, I review vocabulary. — Sonia: And in the evening? — Roma: Having come home and had dinner, I read for an hour or so.