Verb aspect: что де́лать / что сделать
Imperfective (НСВ) vs perfective (СВ): process or result
⚡Key points
Two aspects for (almost) every verb
In Russian every verb has an aspect. The imperfective (НСВ) describes a process, a habit, an action with no defined end (что де́лать?). The perfective (СВ) stresses the result, a single completed action (что сделать?). The two usually form a pair.
Common aspect pairs (НСВ → СВ)
| to do | де́лать → сделать | де́лаю / я сде́лаю |
| to read | чита́ть → прочитать | чита́ю / я прочита́ю |
| to write | писа́ть → написать | пишу́ / я напишу́ |
| to buy | покупать → купить | покупа́ю / я куплю́ |
| to say | говори́ть → сказать | говорю́ / я скажу́ |
| to take | брать → взять | беру́ / я возьму́ |
Process (НСВ) or result (СВ)?
In the past, the choice of aspect changes the meaning: the imperfective describes the action in progress or repeated; the perfective states that it is finished, with a result.
The meaning changes with the aspect
НСВ — process, habit
Вчера́ я до́лго писа́л письмо́. (I was writing for a long time — process)
Каждый день я чита́ю газе́ту. (every day — habit)
СВ — result, finished action
Я написа́л письмо́. (I wrote / finished the letter)
Вчера́ я прочита́л кни́гу. (I read the whole book)
Aspect in the future
It is in the future that the difference is clearest. The imperfective uses буду / будешь + infinitive (compound future). The perfective conjugates like the present, but the meaning is future.
💡⚠️ буду чита́ть (НСВ) vs прочита́ю (СВ)
Dialogue: weekend plans
Rita: What will you do on Saturday? — Kostya: I’ll be writing an article. And on Sunday I’ll write a letter to my mother. — Rita: And I want to read (finish) a new book. — Kostya: Buy it today — tomorrow the shop is closed.