The meaning of verbal prefixes
One root, different meanings: запеть, почитать, дочитать, переписать, разлюбить.
⚡Key points
Prefixes change the meaning (and the aspect)
In Russian, a prefix added to a verb does more than make it perfective: it gives it a precise shade of meaning — beginning, end, repetition, intensity, degree. The root stays the same; the prefix carries the meaning.
за-, по-, до-: to begin, a little, to finish
Prefixes за- / по- / до-
| за- (to begin) | петь → запеть | to start singing |
| за- (to begin) | плакать → заплакать | to start crying |
| по- (a little, a while) | чита́ть → почитать | to read a little |
| по- (a little) | гуля́ть → погулять | to walk for a while |
| до- (to finish) | чита́ть → дочитать | to finish reading |
| до- (to finish) | де́лать → доделать | to complete, finish off |
Usage
за-: sudden start of an action
Ребёнок вдруг запла́кал. (The child started crying.)
Все засмея́лись. (Everyone burst out laughing.)
по-: short / moderate action
Давай погуля́ем в па́рке. (Let us take a short walk in the park.)
Я хочу́ немно́го поспать. (I want to sleep a little.)
до-: to carry through to the end
Я наконе́ц дочита́л рома́н. (I finally finished the novel.)
пере́-, под-, раз-: redo, slightly, intensely
Prefixes пере́- / под- / раз-
| пере́- (to redo) | писа́ть → переписать | to rewrite |
| пере́- (to excess) | есть → переесть | to overeat |
| под- (a bit, in addition) | учить → подучить | to brush up a bit |
| под- (to approach) | идти → подойти | to come up to |
| раз- (intensity) | кричать → раскричаться | to start shouting loudly |
| раз- (to stop / undo) | люби́ть → разлюбить | to fall out of love |
Usage
пере́-: to redo, or go beyond measure
Перепиши э́то упражне́ние. (Rewrite this exercise.)
Я переел за у́жином. (I overate at dinner.)
под-: slightly, as a top-up
Мне надо подучить слова. (I need to brush up the vocabulary a bit.)
раз-: strong intensity or cancellation
Де́ти расшумелись. (The children got very noisy.)
Он разлюбил её. (He fell out of love with her.)
💡⚠️ The prefix (usually) makes the verb perfective
Dialogue: homework
Mum: Have you finished your homework? — Petya: Almost. I still need to finish writing the essay. — Mum: Then sit down and finish it. After that you can take a short walk. — Petya: All right. And in the evening I want to reread my favourite chapter.