Parenthetical words (вводные слова)
Giving an opinion, evaluating, organising: по-моему́, к сча́стью, во-пе́рвых, по слова́м X.
⚡Key points
Giving your point of view and attitude
Parenthetical words (вводные слова) express the speaker’s attitude (opinion, source, emotion) or organise the discourse. They are set off by commas and are not sentence members.
Opinion and source
Opinion and source
| по-моему́ (in my opinion) | opinion | По-моему́, он прав. (In my opinion, he is right.) |
| на мой взгляд (to my mind) | opinion | На мой взгляд, э́то оши́бка. (To my mind, it is a mistake.) |
| по слова́м X (according to X) | source (+ genitive) | По слова́м врача́, всё хорошо́. (According to the doctor, all is fine.) |
| как изве́стно (as is known) | shared knowledge | Как изве́стно, вода́ кипи́т при 100°. (As is known…) |
Usage
Give your opinion
По-моему́, фильм ску́чный. (In my opinion, the film is boring.)
Cite a source
По слова́м синоптиков, будет дождь. (According to the forecasters, it will rain.)
Evaluation and emotion
Reacting to the reported fact
| к сча́стью (fortunately) | positive | К сча́стью, все жи́вы. (Fortunately, everyone is alive.) |
| к сожале́нию (unfortunately) | negative | К сожале́нию, я не смогу́ прийти. (Unfortunately, I will not be able to come.) |
| к удивле́нию (to one’s surprise) | surprise | К моему́ удивле́нию, он согласи́лся. (To my surprise, he agreed.) |
Usage
Express an emotion about the reported fact
К сча́стью, по́езд не опозда́л. (Fortunately, the train was not late.)
К сожале́нию, магази́н закры́т. (Unfortunately, the shop is closed.)
Organising the discourse
Enumerate, add, illustrate
Enumerate: во-пе́рвых, во-вторы́х, наконе́ц
Во-пе́рвых, э́то до́рого. Во-вторы́х, э́то далеко́. (Firstly… Secondly…)
Add / illustrate: кстати, например
Кстати, я тебе́ звони́л. (By the way, I called you.)
Например, возьмём Москву́. (For example, take Moscow.)
💡⚠️ Always between commas
Dialogue: a choice
Vera: Which course should I choose, in your opinion? — Max: To my mind, the evening one is better. Firstly, it is cheaper, secondly, more convenient. — Vera: Unfortunately, I work in the evening. — Max: Then, according to a friend, there is a good online course.