Discourse connectors
Structuring a text: таким о́бразом, итак, кроме того, однако, тем не менее.
⚡Key points
Linking the ideas of a text
Discourse connectors organise a text or an argument: they link ideas (conclusion, addition, opposition). They are used mainly in writing and careful speech. Many are set off by commas.
Concluding and summing up
Conclusion / transition
| таким о́бразом (thus) | conclusion | Таким о́бразом, мы реши́ли пробле́му. (Thus, we solved the problem.) |
| итак (so, well then) | summary / transition | Итак, начнём уро́к. (So, let us begin the lesson.) |
Usage
таким о́бразом: draw a conclusion
Все да́нные совпа́ли. Таким о́бразом, гипо́теза верна́. (Thus, the hypothesis is correct.)
итак: sum up or launch
Итак, подведём ито́ги. (So, let us sum up.)
Adding and contrasting
Addition / opposition
| кроме того (moreover) | addition | Э́то удо́бно. Кроме того, дёшево. (It is convenient. Moreover, it is cheap.) |
| более того (what is more) | going further | Он опозда́л. Более того, не извинился. (He was late. What is more, he did not apologise.) |
| однако (however) | opposition (formal) | Было тру́дно. Однако мы спра́вились. (It was hard. However, we managed.) |
| тем не менее (nevertheless) | concession | Он уста́л, тем не менее продо́лжил. (He was tired, nevertheless he kept going.) |
Usage
Add an argument
Кроме того, ну́жно учесть вре́мя. (Moreover, we must take time into account.)
Contrast (written register)
Однако не все согла́сны. (However, not everyone agrees.)
Setting side by side
Comparison and contrast
с одной стороны… с другой стороны
С одной стороны, э́то вы́годно; с другой стороны, рискованно. (On the one hand… on the other…)
наоборот: on the contrary
Э́то не помогло́ — наоборот, ста́ло хуже. (It did not help — on the contrary, it got worse.)
💡⚠️ Formal register; commas
Dialogue: choosing a flat
Agent: This flat is in the centre. Moreover, the metro is nearby. — Client: On the one hand, it is convenient. On the other hand, it is expensive. — Agent: The price is high, nevertheless the area is excellent. — Client: All right. So, I will think it over and call tomorrow.