Participial phrases and кото́рый
Turning a кото́рый clause into a participial phrase — and placing the commas.
⚡Key points
What is a participial phrase?
A причастный оборо́т (participial phrase) is a participle together with its complements: in студе́нт, читающий кни́гу, the group читающий кни́гу is the participial phrase. It means the same as a relative clause with кото́рый and allows denser, more written-style language.
The four participles at a glance
Summary (lessons 1 to 4)
| Active present (who does, now) | читающий | = кото́рый чита́ет (subject, present) |
| Active past (who was doing / did) | читавший / прочитавший | = кото́рый чита́л / прочита́л (subject, past) |
| Passive present (which is done) | читаемый | = кото́рый чита́ют (object, present) |
| Passive past (which has been done) | прочитанный | = кото́рый прочита́ли (object, past) |
Which кото́рый becomes which participle?
The transformation rules
кото́рый SUBJECT (nominative) → ACTIVE participle
студе́нт, кото́рый чита́ет → студе́нт, читающий
студе́нт, кото́рый чита́л → студе́нт, читавший
кото́рый OBJECT (accusative), present → PASSIVE present participle
кни́га, кото́рую чита́ют → читаемая кни́га
кото́рый OBJECT (accusative), past perfective → PASSIVE past participle
кни́га, кото́рую прочита́ли → прочитанная кни́га
💡⚠️ Tense and aspect are kept
The comma
The participial phrase is set off by commas when it follows the noun it modifies. When it precedes the noun, no comma is usually used.
Where to put the comma
Phrase AFTER the noun → commas on both sides
Студе́нт, читающий кни́гу, сиди́т здесь.
Кни́га, прочитанная мной, лежи́т на столе́.
Phrase BEFORE the noun → no comma
Читающий кни́гу студе́нт сиди́т здесь.
💡⚠️ Not every кото́рый becomes a participle
Dialogue: at the gallery
Guide: The painting hanging on the left was painted by Repin. — Tourist: And the portrait we saw yesterday? — Guide: The one drawn by a young artist? It is in another room. — Tourist: I see. And the sculptures standing here, are they famous too?