Negation: НЕ and НЕТ
Two particles, two distinct uses
⚡Key points
НЕ: negating a verb, adjective, or noun
The particle НЕ goes right before the word it negates. There is no English-style "do not" — НЕ alone suffices. It is pronounced unstressed, fused with the following word.
НЕ before various elements
| Before a verb | Я не рабо́таю | I do not work |
| Before an adjective | Э́то не интере́сно | This is not interesting |
| Before a noun (no БЫТЬ in present) | Э́то не кни́га | This is not a book |
| Before an adverb | Я не ча́сто хожу́ в кино́ | I do not often go to the cinema |
| Before a pronoun | Э́то не я | This is not me |
Common uses of НЕ
Negating an action (verb)
Я не понима́ю. (I do not understand.)
Они́ не рабо́тают сего́дня. (They are not working today.)
Мы не говори́м по-немецки. (We do not speak German.)
Negating a quality (adjective/adverb)
Э́то не сло́жно. (This is not difficult.)
Москва́ не бли́зко. (Moscow is not close.)
Он не ру́сский, он украинец. (He is not Russian, he is Ukrainian.)
Dialogue: everyday negation
Anya: Do you understand this word? — John: No, I do not understand. What does it mean? — Anya: It is "завтра" (tomorrow). Did you not learn this word? — John: I did, but I do not remember!
НЕТ: "no" and "do not have"
The particle НЕТ has two distinct uses: "no" as an answer, and "do not have" / "there is no" followed by the genitive case. It is the negative form of present-tense БЫТЬ (which is otherwise omitted in the affirmative).
The two uses of НЕТ
| Negative answer | Нет, я не понима́ю | No, I do not understand |
| Possession ("do not have") | У меня́ нет вре́мени | I have no time (genitive) |
| Existence ("there is no") | Здесь нет хле́ба | There is no bread here (genitive) |
| Past tense | У меня́ не было вре́мени | I had no time |
| Future tense | У меня́ не будет вре́мени | I will not have time |
💡⚠️ НЕТ + genitive is mandatory
Dialogue: "do you have…?"
Sonya: Do you have time? — Igor: No, I have no time right now. And tomorrow? — Sonya: Tomorrow does not work either. I have no car. — Igor: Then Saturday!
Mandatory double negation
Unlike English, Russian makes double negation mandatory with the negative pronouns никто (nobody), ничего (nothing), никогда (never), нигде (nowhere). The verb must carry НЕ in addition to the negative pronoun.
Negative pronouns + НЕ
никто (nobody)
Никто не зна́ет. (Nobody knows — lit. "nobody does not know")
Никто здесь не рабо́тает. (Nobody works here.)
ничего (nothing)
Я ничего не понима́ю. (I do not understand anything.)
Она́ ничего не сказа́ла. (She said nothing.)
никогда (never), нигде (nowhere)
Я никогда не был в Москве́. (I have never been to Moscow.)
Его́ нигде нет. (He is nowhere to be found.)
Dialogue: double negation
Masha: Who knows the answer? — Nikita: Nobody knows. It is a hard question. — Masha: Have you never been to Siberia? — Nikita: No, never. But I want to go.